Scientists employ electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy to investigate charge transport mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes. High-resolution, full-color display devices, such as foldable smartphones and ultrathin televisions, rely on organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Compared to other display technologies, OLEDs provide distinct advantages, including flexibility, self-illumination, lightweight construction, ultra-thin profiles, high contrast ratios, and low-voltage operation. These [...] 
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